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9 min read
Sarah Sinclair
Earth Day (22 April) is an annual celebration of our natural environment — and more important than ever amid the global climate crisis. How can those entering the emerging medical cannabis industry ensure they adopt eco-friendly practices from the off?
The environmental benefits of the cannabis plant suggest the crop could play a key role in the fight against climate change. But equally, the cultivation of medical cannabis can be an energy-intensive process meaning producers need to find ways to offset their carbon footprint.
To mark Earth Day, a chance to reflect and raise awareness of crucial environmental action, we examine climate considerations for the medical cannabis sector and explore ways that businesses can implement more sustainable practices.
Decades of prohibition-focused drug policy and a ‘war on drugs’ mentality, have meant that the cannabis plant’s potential for providing solutions to many of the environmental and social challenges facing the modern world have largely gone under the radar.
The environmental benefits of growing cannabis are well documented. As a crop it can sequester (or absorb) more than twice the amount of carbon than trees. A study from the University of York showed that one hectare of hemp can absorb up to 22 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is three times more than a hectare of wheat.
It also has benefits for soil health as it naturally absorbs heavy metals and other pollutants from the ground and doesn’t require as much chemical intervention or harsh fertilisers as other commercial crops.
Its ability to rejuvenate the soil makes it an excellent tool for improving crop yields, introducing more sustainable farming practices, and boosting biodiversity by encouraging wildlife such as birds and bees to the area. Certain species such as Tree sparrows and Starlings are even known to enjoy snacking on hemp seeds.
Then of course, once grown, hemp can be used in the production of many everyday items — from plastic, paper and fabric, to batteries and building materials — that are far more sustainable than their traditional counterparts.
But despite its natural environmental benefits, the medical cannabis industry faces a number of challenges when it comes to sustainability.
Cannabis cultivation can be an energy-intensive process, with many environmental considerations from the cultivation and processing itself to the transportation and import/export of products, and disposal of waste.
Most medical cannabis is grown indoors in a controlled environment, especially in the UK due to the climate. As a result, it requires large amounts of energy for lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to create the right cannabis germination environment.
According to research by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, indoor cannabis cultivation requires about 6,000kWh of energy per 1kg, with a carbon footprint of 1,400kg.
Beyond energy consumption, there is also transportation, processing, and packaging to factor into a producer’s carbon footprint.
As the domestic medical cannabis industry is still in its infancy in the UK, at the moment the majority of prescribed products are grown and manufactured overseas and imported from countries across the globe, sometimes travelling thousands of miles before it ends up in the hands of the patient.
Cannabis plants require a significant amount of water, especially during the growth phase. According to some sources, each plant requires between five and six gallons of water per day, which is nearly twice that of other commodity crops.
The overuse of pesticides and other chemicals during the growing process can contaminate the natural environment, while volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odours released into the atmosphere could potentially impact air quality in the surrounding areas.
Just as cannabis can be beneficial for biodiversity, the development of large-scale cultivation facilities can actually have a detrimental effect, disrupting wildlife habitats and natural vegetation with land take.
Then there is the issue of waste disposal. Cannabis cultivation generates various types of waste, including plant material, packaging, and wastewater. Analysts at New Frontier Data have previously predicted that by 2025, the legal cannabis industry’s total water use will increase by 86% compared to 2020.
Thought to be the most cost-effective solution, plastic dominates product packaging in the global medical cannabis industry, from plastic tubs of flower to single-use vape cartridges, contributing to the growing issue of plastic pollution.
Despite the climate challenges that can come with medical cannabis cultivation, there are more sustainable practices that companies can adopt and ways to help offset their carbon footprint.
And one of the benefits of being a new industry, is that those operating within it have the opportunity to utilise new research and technological advancements to help them reduce their environmental impact.
Investing in renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power can help offset the carbon emissions associated with energy consumption.
The manufacturer we work with, Glass Pharms, has recently completed work on its eco-friendly cannabis greenhouse, and is the UK’s first ‘carbon neutral’ facility. It uses energy from a closed loop system with an adjoining anaerobic digestion plant run on supermarket and household food waste that also provides heat and carbon dioxide.
In addition, all of the water during the cultivation process is collected from rainwater, which is treated and reused.
Transitioning to energy-efficient lighting systems such as LEDs can also help to reduce electricity consumption compared to traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights.
LED lighting not only consumes less energy but also produces less heat, reducing the need for additional HVAC systems.
A study from 2022, which is thought to be the first to examine energy efficiency in the cannabis industry, found that facilities using LED lights can reduce energy use by 50%. Furthermore, using the best LED lights can reduce cooling needs by 10% compared to average LEDs and by more than 30% compared to HPS lights.
Although very little research has been done to date due to the early stages of the industry, the same study also suggested that energy use intensity could be up to three times higher than the “optimal minimum conditions” needed for cannabis production.
Using their methodology for these ‘optimum minimum conditions’—which take into account the changing needs of the plant throughout its growth cycle—HVAC systems can reduce fan energy by up to 50% during the light cycle and 90% during the dark cycle, especially if a displacement ventilation approach to humidity control is adopted.
Free outdoor air cooling, which is widely used in the building industry, could reduce mechanical cooling needs by an additional 40% depending on the location.
In order to better control the amount of water that is used, some facilities are moving away from hand watering to a process known as drip irrigation.
These work by delivering the precise amount of water directly to the root of the plant to avoid wastage. In some cases these systems also have sensors which can monitor moisture conditions in real time.
In regulated industries waste must be disposed of in the correct manner in line with licensing requirements. However, these may vary between different jurisdictions.
Implementing comprehensive waste management practices at cultivation facilities including recycling programmes for plastic, paper, and other materials, can help minimise the amount of waste sent to landfills.
Where possible, producers can also compost plant waste which can then be recycled to help regenerate the soil in which the plants are grown.
While plastic packaging for medications might be a cost-effective solution for producers, not only does it almost always end up in landfill, but it’s not the best material for storing cannabis flower when it comes to maintaining its optimum quality.
Producers should look towards more eco-friendly cannabis packaging such as biodegradable plastics, recyclable or compostable packaging materials. And using minimal and lightweight packaging designs to help to further reduce the environmental impact.
One of the key ways in which the UK medical cannabis industry can reduce its carbon footprint is through the establishment of a domestic supply chain.
Minimising the distance that products have to travel to reach patients inevitably reduces the amount of carbon emissions transmitted into the atmosphere during the transportation process.
While it will take time to establish a robust supply chain and may never reach a point where imports and/or exports are removed from the process entirely, taking efforts to source other materials locally where possible, such as soil, nutrients, and packaging material can help lower the overall carbon footprint of cannabis cultivation operations.
Yes, as long as they are produced from sustainable sources and processed without harmful chemicals or additives, cannabis and hemp plastics are both non-toxic and biodegradable - but, that does come at a higher price, with hemp-based plastics being (on average) 20-30% more expensive to produce than traditional plastics.
Yes, just like almost all other plant material, cannabis makes a great addition to any compost.
Hemp comes with a few huge advantages over other crops in terms of sustainability. It grows extremely fast, its water requirements are much lower than many other crops, it does not require pesticides or herbicides, it is highly efficient at absorbing carbon dioxide, it actually improves soil health by restoring nutrients, and the natural fibres of hemp can be used in a wide range of eco-friendly products.
It is important to seek medical advice before starting any new treatments. The patient advisors at Releaf are available to provide expert advice and support. Alternatively, click here to book a consultation with one of our specialist doctors.
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Am I eligible?Sarah, a distinguished journalist with over a decade in publishing and communications, now excels in cannabis health and policy journalism in the UK, advocating for informed health decisions through her award-winning work.
All of our articles are written by medical cannabis experts, guided by strict sourcing guidelines, and reference peer-reviewed studies and credible academic research. Our expert clinical team and compliance specialists provide valuable insights to ensure accuracy when required. Learn more in our editorial policy.
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